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<title>Clipper (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Clipper (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Clipper</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="XBase" title="XBase">xBase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developers</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="#History">Nantucket Corporation</a><br><a href="Computer_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Associates">Computer Associates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">CA Clipper 5.3b

/ May 20, 1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997-05-20</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data">Last known Website <i><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm">www<wbr>.grafxsoft<wbr>.com<wbr>/clipper<wbr>.htm</a></span></i> still exists, but relevant content has been removed, even for the main webpage. Looking back in time at this URL in Wayback Machine, real content appears last available on June 16, 2018. This archived content still available at: <i><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231447/http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm">web<wbr>.archive<wbr>.org<wbr>/web<wbr>/20180616231447<wbr>/http:<wbr>//www<wbr>.grafxsoft<wbr>.com<wbr>/clipper<wbr>.htm</a></span></i>. Trying to place an order at the page bottom will fall.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Clipper</b> is an <a href="XBase" title="XBase">xBase</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> that implements a variant of the <i>xBase</i> computer <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>. It is used to create or extend software programs that originally ran usually on <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>. Although it is a powerful general-purpose programming language, it was used mainly to create <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> business programs.

</p><p>One major <a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a> feature not implemented in Clipper is the <a href="DBase#Interactivity" title="DBase">dot-prompt</a> (. prompt) interactive command set,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was an important part of the original dBase implementation.

</p><p>Clipper, from Nantucket Corp and later <a href="Computer_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Associates">Computer Associates</a>, started out as a native code compiler for dBase III databases, and later evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Clipper was created by Nantucket Corporation, a company that was started in 1984 by Barry ReBell (management) and Brian Russell (technical). Larry Heimendinger was Nantucket's president.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the company was sold to <a href="Computer_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Associates">Computer Associates</a> for 190 million dollars and the product was renamed to CA-Clipper.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Clipper was created as a replacement <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for <a href="Ashton_Tate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Tate">Ashton Tate</a>'s <i><a href="DBASE" class="mw-redirect" title="DBASE">dBASE</a> III</i>, a very popular <a href="Database_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Database language">database language</a> at the time. The advantage of Clipper over dBASE was that it could be <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">executed</a> on <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> as a <a href="Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">standalone application</a>. In the years between 1985 and 1992, millions of Clipper applications were built, typically for small businesses dealing with databases concerning many aspects of <a href="Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">client management</a> and <a href="Inventory_management_software" title="Inventory management software">inventory management</a>. For many smaller businesses, having a Clipper application designed to their specific needs was their first experience with software development. Also many applications for <a href="Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and <a href="Insurance_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance companies">insurance companies</a> were developed, here especially in those cases where the application was considered too small to be developed and run on traditional <a href="Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframes</a>. In these environments Clipper also served as a <a href="Debugger_front-end" class="mw-redirect" title="Debugger front-end">front end</a> for existing mainframe applications.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As the product matured, it added elements of the programming languages <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, and <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP), and the code-block <a href="Datatype" class="mw-redirect" title="Datatype">data-type</a> (hybridizing the concepts of dBase <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>, or <a href="String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a>-evaluation, and <a href="Function_pointer" title="Function pointer">function pointers</a>), to become far more powerful than the original. Nantucket's Aspen project later matured into the <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> native-code CA-<a href="Visual_Objects" title="Visual Objects">Visual Objects</a> compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-DobCA95_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DobCA95-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_penetration">Market penetration</h2></div>

<p>Nantucket sold well in Western markets. Also, in November 1991, the <i>New York Times</i> reported the company's success in "painstakingly convincing Soviet software developers that buying is preferable to pirating". According to the article, Clipper had sold 2,000 copies in the Soviet Union<sup id="cite_ref-Bar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (compared to 250,000 worldwide).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div>

<p>In the early 1990s, under new ownership,<sup id="cite_ref-DobCA95_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DobCA95-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clipper failed to transition from <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> to <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. As a result, almost no new commercial applications were written in Clipper after 1995.

</p><p>By then, the "classically trained programmer" commonly used <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>, in contrast to the original dBASE language. An evolution of Clipper, named VO, added strong typing but made it optional, to remain compatible with existing code.<sup id="cite_ref-DobCA95_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DobCA95-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the more important languages that took over from Clipper were <a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a>, <a href="Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a>, and <a href="Powerbuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerbuilder">Powerbuilder</a>. All provided strong typing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_by_third-parties">Revival by third-parties</h3></div>

<p>The Clipper language is being actively implemented and extended by multiple organizations/vendors, like <i><a href="XBase%2B%2B" title="XBase++">XBase++</a></i> from Alaska Software and <i>FlagShip</i>, and <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> (<a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>-licensed) projects like <i><a href="Harbour_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (software)">Harbour</a></i> and <i>xHarbour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many of the current implementations are portable (<a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (<a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-</a> and <a href="64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>), <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> (32- and 64-bit), and <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>), supporting many language extensions,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with much extended <a href="Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime libraries</a>, and various Replaceable Database Drivers (RDD) supporting many popular database formats, like <a href="DBase" title="DBase">DBF</a>, DBTNTX, DBFCDX (<a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">FoxPro</a>, Apollo, Comix, and Advantage Database Server), MachSix (SIx Driver and Apollo), <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, and more. These newer implementations all strive for full compatibility with the standard <a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>/<a href="XBase" title="XBase">xBase</a> syntax, while also offering OOP approaches and target-based syntax such as <code>SQLExecute()</code>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usenet">Usenet</h3></div>

<p>The Clipper <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> <a href="Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a> are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.clipper">comp.lang.clipper</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.clipper.visual-objects">comp.lang.clipper.visual-objects</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_in_Clipper">Programming in Clipper</h2></div>

<p>A simple <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">hello world</a> - application:

</p>

<pre>? "Hello World!"

</pre>

<p>A simple data base input mask:

</p>

<pre>USE Customer SHARED NEW

clear

@ 1, 0 SAY "CustNum" GET Customer->CustNum PICT "999999" VALID Customer->CustNum > 0

@ 3, 0 SAY "Contact" GET Customer->Contact VALID !empty(Customer->Contact)

@ 4, 0 SAY "Address" GET Customer->Address

READ

</pre>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_history">Version history</h2></div>

<p>The various Clipper versions, and release dates, were:

</p><p>From Nantucket Corporation; the "seasonal versions", billed as "<a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>":

</p>

<ul><li>Nantucket Clipper Winter'84 – May 25, 1985</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper Summer'85 – 1985</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper Winter'85 – January 29, 1986</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper Autumn'86 – October 31, 1986</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper Summer'87 – December 21, 1987</li></ul>

<p>From Nantucket Corporation; Clipper 5:

</p>

<ul><li>Nantucket Clipper 5.00 – 1990</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper 5.01 – April 15, 1991</li>

<li>Nantucket Clipper 5.01 Rev.129 – March 31, 1992</li></ul>

<p>and from <a href="Computer_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Associates">Computer Associates</a>; CA-Clipper 5:

</p>

<ul><li>CA Clipper 5.01a –</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.20 – February 15, 1993</li>

<li>CA-Clipper 5.2a – March 15, 1993</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.2b – June 25, 1993</li>

<li>CA-Clipper 5.2c – August 6, 1993</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.2d – March 25, 1994</li>

<li>CA-Clipper 5.2e – February 7, 1995</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.30 – June 26, 1995</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.3a – May 20, 1996</li>

<li>CA Clipper 5.3b – May 20, 1997</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clipper_Tools">Clipper Tools</h3></div>

<p>After buying Nantucket, along with the standard Clipper <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, CA developed another, named <i>Clipper Tools</i>. Three versions of this library were released, alongside Clipper versions. This library became a de facto standard among Clipper clones, such as xHarbour. It was also cloned by several of Clipper's clones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWarren_M._Littlefield1983" class="citation book cs1">Warren M. Littlefield (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0791417808"><i>DBASE - From the Dot Prompt: An Introduction to Structured Programming using dBase IV</i></a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0791417808</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winworldpc.com/product/clipper">"Clipper"</a>. <q>a native code compiler for dBase ... later evolved ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRifkin1991" class="citation news cs1">Rifkin, Glenn (3 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/03/business/selling-software-soviet-style.html">"Selling Software, Soviet-Style"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vivaclipper.wordpress.com/tag/ca-clipper/">"CA-Clipper"</a>. <i>Viva Clipper!</i>. 14 September 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GrafX Software licensed CA-Clipper in 2002 from CA for ongoing marketing and distribution.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiling</a> dBASE code changes it from <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a> code, which must be interpreted every time each line of code is executed, to <a href="P-code_machine" title="P-code machine">p-code</a>, which uses a <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> to process the compiled p-code. p-code is considerably faster, but still not as fast as the <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine code</a> generated by native compilers. As a technical marketing ploy, the p-code was wrapped into object code (linkable .obj files) which gave the impression that it was compiled to native code.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512215826/http://www.thocp.net/software/languages/clipper.htm">"Clipper"</a>. <i>thocp.net</i>. The History Of Computing Project. 20 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/software/languages/clipper.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DobCA95-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DobCA95_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DobCA95_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DobCA95_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva1995" class="citation magazine cs1">da Silva, Rod (October 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/database/examining-ca-visual-objects/184409649">"Examining CA-Visual Objects"</a>. <i><a href="Dr._Dobb's_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFfbizzell2006" class="citation web cs1">fbizzell (January 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tek-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=1184854">"Converting Clipper applications to windows"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xharbour.org/index.asp?page=product/extensions">"xHarbour.org"</a>. <i>www.xharbour.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sourceforge.net/projects/fglib">Free Open Source Graphic, GUI & Form Designer for CA-Clipper</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davep.org/clipper/">mini Clipper FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021211220811/http://www.davep.org/clipper/">Archived</a> 2002-12-11 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printfil.com/article/clipper-print-windows-printer.htm">Print from Clipper to newest Windows printers</a> article</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harbour.github.io/the-oasis/">The Oasis</a> is the largest file archive for CA-Clipper and xBase on the web</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harbour.github.io/">Harbour Project</a> A 32/64 bit multiplatform Clipper compiler</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguagemclipper.com.br/">CA-Clipper Website</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="xBase_programming_language54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="XBase" title="XBase">xBase programming language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a></li>

<li>DBFree</li>

<li><a href="Visual_Objects" title="Visual Objects">Visual Objects</a></li>

<li><a href="FoxPro" title="FoxPro">FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour Project</a></li>

<li><a href="XBase%2B%2B" title="XBase++">XBase++</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Objects" title="Visual Objects">Vulcan.NET</a></li>

<li>MaxScript</li>

<li><a href="AdvPL" title="AdvPL">AdvPL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">HBIDE</a></li>

<li><a href="DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Objects" title="Visual Objects">Visual Objects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox788" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94109077">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Clipper (databázový systém)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph520063&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987008707577005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Clipper_(programming_language)&oldid=1289539209">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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